In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. They were ALL my fault. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013). Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Delusions. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. 0. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). It is typically consumed in pill form. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. . Sore throat. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. . We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Feeling tired. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Reduced urine. Complications. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). . Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Loss of appetite. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Diarrhea. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Rotating shift workrefers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. We might also experience unconscious states of being via drug-induced anesthesia for medical purposes. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Not able to pass stool or gas. c. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. 2. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Add a comment. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. The lifespan perspective in health psychology reveals that adolescents One of the shortcomings with the health belief model is Risk factors for a health problem People whose personalities include high levels of _____ seem to be "disease" However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. 1. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. C) the severity and duration of the problem. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. As we grow older, we sleep less. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). A) managed care Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022).
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