However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. CAS The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Brain Res. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Vorobyov et al. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Pathophysiology. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. 2003;140:147. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. 2001;12:72931. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. 2004;48:46624. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Int J Epidemiol. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. 2016;74:99107. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Nature. PubMed Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Dasdag et al. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Exp Neurobiol. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. 2009;4:e4389. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. CAS Article Bioelectromagnetics. Yale J Biol Med. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. Mack et al. 2014;9:e95503. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. J Neurosci Methods. Singh et al. . RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. 2013;34:58998. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. statement and Bioelectromagnetics. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Bioelectromagnetics. 2000;6:18793. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Xiong et al. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. 2014;53:22230. Neuroreport. The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. CAS Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2005;1042:1018. J Sleep Res. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. PLoS One. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. 2010;86:37683. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Cite this article. Springer Nature. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Article A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Mil Med Sci. 2006;27:16471. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;28:445. & Hu, XJ. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. PubMed Central Mol Neurobiol. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2011;35:36978. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Terms and Conditions, Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2000;284:30017. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. The role of microRNAs in cancer. 1994;8:714. Arch Environ Health. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. 2010;1347:17985. 2005;25:10190201. Google Scholar. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Acta Pharmacol Sin. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. PubMed [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Google Scholar. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. PLoS One. 2015;36:4804. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Mortazavi et al. Ning et al. Google Scholar. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. 2013;89:11007. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. PubMed Central 1994;10:13548. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Am J Epidemiol. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. J Med Food. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. 1992;114:16202. Synapse. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 2006;27:295306. By using this website, you agree to our Int J Radiat Biol. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. 2003;14:2436. 2014;12:75. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. daily life. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. [84] and Sharma et al. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. PubMed Fragopoulou et al. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. 2007;28:187380. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Cobb et al. Article radiations. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. J Environ Health. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . 2 Researchers have been working. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 2005;130:591600. BMJ. Cancer Res. Front Neurosci. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. 2011;18:32533. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2012;3:3440. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71].
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